Dosing Limitation for an Implantable Medical Device

ABSTRACT

A method for limiting patient-initiated electrical signal therapy provided by an implantable medical device (IMD) to a cranial nerve of a patient. At least one electrical signal therapy limit selected from the group consisting of a maximum number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum dose of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum duration of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum rate of change of the number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum rate of change of the dose of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, and a maximum rate of change of the duration of the electrical signal therapy per a time period is specified. A patient-initiated signal to begin a therapeutic electrical signal is received. Whether or not said electrical signal therapy limit is exceeded by said step of detecting a patient-initiated signal is determined. An action in response to said step of determining whether or not said limit is exceeded is performed, said action selected from the group consisting of providing a first electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a second, reduced electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a third, enhanced electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, inhibiting an electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a background electrical signal to said cranial nerve, and inhibiting a background electrical signal to said cranial nerve.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to medical devices, and, more particularly, to methods, apparatus, and systems for limiting patient-initiated electrical signal therapy by a medical device.

2. Description of the Related Art

There have been many improvements over the last several decades in medical treatments for disorders of the nervous system, such as epilepsy and other motor disorders, and abnormal neural discharge disorders. One of the more recently available treatments involves the application of an electrical signal to reduce various symptoms or effects caused by such neural disorders. For example, electrical signals have been successfully applied at strategic locations in the human body to provide various benefits, including reducing occurrences of seizures and/or improving or ameliorating other conditions. A particular example of such a treatment regimen involves applying an electrical signal to the vagus nerve of the human body to reduce or eliminate epileptic seizures, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,702,254, 4,867,164, and 5,025,807 to Dr. Jacob Zabara, which are hereby incorporated in this specification in their entirety by reference.

More generally, the endogenous electrical activity (i.e., activity attributable to the natural functioning of the patient's own body) of a neural structure of a patient may be modulated in a variety of ways. In particular, the electrical activity may be modulated by exogenously applied (i.e., from a source other than the patient's own body) electrical, chemical, or mechanical signals applied to the neural structure. The modulation (hereinafter referred to generally as “neurostimulation” or “neuromodulation”) may involve the induction of afferent action potentials, efferent action potentials, or both, in the neural structure, and may also involve blocking or interrupting the transmission of endogenous electrical activity traveling along the nerve. Electrical signal therapy or electrical modulation of a neural structure (also known as “electrical signal therapy”) refers to the application of an exogenous therapeutic electrical signal (as opposed to a chemical or mechanical signal), to the neural structure. Electrical signal therapy may be provided by implanting an electrical device underneath the skin of a patient and delivering an electrical signal to a nerve such as a cranial nerve. The electrical signal therapy may involve performing a detection step, with the electrical signal being delivered in response to a detected body parameter. This type of stimulation is generally referred to as “active,” “feedback,” or “triggered” stimulation. Alternatively, the system may operate without a detection system once the patient has been diagnosed with epilepsy (or another medical condition), and may periodically apply a series of electrical pulses to the nerve (e.g., a cranial nerve such as a vagus nerve) intermittently throughout the day, or over another predetermined time interval. This type of stimulation is generally referred to as “passive,” “non-feedback,” or “prophylactic,” stimulation. The stimulation may be applied by an implantable medical device that is implanted within the patient's body.

Generally, implantable medical devices (IMD) are capable of receiving a signal that may affect the operation of the IMD from an external source, such as a patient-initiated signal or a signal in the patient's environment. For example, a patient-initiated signal may be used to activate a predetermined function of the IMD, such as providing additional therapeutic electrical signals to a cranial nerve of the patient. A magnetic sensor may be provided in the IMD to detect a significant magnetic field, either from the patient or the patient's environment (for example an MRI machine) and in response, the IMD may activate a predetermined function. A patient-initiated signal such as a magnetic field may be an inhibitory input or an excitatory input. The inhibitory input may relate to inhibiting a function normally performed by the IMD. For example, application of a first patient-initiated magnetic field to the IMD may cause delivery of the electrical signal from the IMD to the nerve to be inhibited for a certain time period. Conversely, application of a second patient-initiated magnetic field signal to the IMD may comprise an excitatory input that may prompt the IMD to perform additional functions. For example, additional electrical signal therapy may be performed by the IMD based upon a second patient-initiated magnetic signal input. The magnetic signal input may be generated by a patient by placing a magnet proximate the skin area under which the implantable medical device resides in the human body. Both types of magnetic field signals are typically referred to as “magnet modes” or as “magnet mode” operation. Other types of patient-initiated signals, such as a tap signal on the IMD, or a radio-frequency (RF) signal provided to the device, may be used in addition to magnetic field signals.

One problem associated with the state of the art is that optimal safety and efficacy of neurostimulation by an IMD may be compromised by allowing a patient to initiate neurostimulation ad libitum. For example, excessive delivery of electrical current to a neurological structure may result in a net electrical charge on, and subsequent damage to, the target neurological structure. Current doses that do not lead to tissue damage may lead to discomfort. Also, extra dosing may lead to reduced efficacy by interfering with short-term or long-term recovery periods necessary or advisable for proper and/or safe neural functioning. Further, battery life can be shortened by excessive dosing. On the other hand, blanket prohibition of patient-initiated neurostimulation may lead to ineffective alleviation of symptoms during acute crisis, when extra dosing may be helpful, e.g., during an epileptic seizure suffered by a patient having an implanted vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) device. Also, blanket prohibition of patient-initiated neurostimulation, if communicated to the patient, may remove any placebo effect benefit the patient may receive from signaling the IMD to perform neurostimulation via the actions of passing the magnet over the IMD or tapping the IMD, among other modes of initiating the therapeutic electrical signal.

The present invention is directed to overcoming, or at least reducing, the effects of one or more of the problems set forth above.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for providing an alternative mode of electrical signal therapy provided by an implantable medical device (IMD) to a cranial nerve of a patient, comprising specifying a threshold of an electrical signal parameter; receiving an input from a patient; determining whether to implement the alternative mode based on said input and said threshold, said alternative mode differing in at least one neurostimulation parameter from a normal stimulation mode; and performing the alternative mode of electrical signal therapy, in view of the result of the determining step, or not performing the alternative mode of electrical signal therapy, in view of the result of the determining step.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for limiting patient-initiated electrical signal therapy provided by an implantable medical device (IMD) to a cranial nerve of a patient by specifying at least one electrical signal therapy limit selected from the group consisting of a maximum number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum dose of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum duration of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum rate of change of the number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum rate of change of the dose of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, and a maximum rate of change of the duration of the electrical signal therapy per a time period; receiving a patient-initiated signal to begin a therapeutic electrical signal; determining whether or not said electrical signal therapy limit is exceeded by said step of detecting a patient-initiated signal; and performing an action in response to said step of determining whether or not said limit is exceeded, said action selected from the group consisting of providing a first electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a second, reduced electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a third, enhanced electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, inhibiting an electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a background electrical signal to said cranial nerve, and inhibiting a background electrical signal to said cranial nerve.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for limiting patient-initiated electrical signal therapy provided by an implantable medical device (IMD) to a cranial nerve of a patient by specifying at least one limit on patient-initiated electrical signal therapy to a cranial nerve of a patient; receiving a patient-initiated signal to provide an electrical signal therapy to a cranial nerve; determining whether or not said at least one limit on patient-initiated therapy is exceeded by said step of receiving a patient-initiated signal; providing an electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve of the patient if said at least one limit is not exceeded by said step of receiving a patient-initiated signal; and not providing an electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve of the patient if said at least one limit is exceeded by said step of receiving a patient-initiated signal.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for limiting patient-initiated electrical signal therapy provided by an implantable medical device (IMD) to a cranial nerve of a patient by specifying at least one limit on patient-initiated electrical signal therapy to a cranial nerve of a patient; receiving a patient-initiated signal to provide an electrical signal therapy to a cranial nerve; determining whether or not said at least one limit on patient-initiated therapy is exceeded by said step of receiving a patient-initiated signal; providing a first therapeutic electrical signal to said cranial nerve of the patient if said at least one limit is not exceeded by said step of receiving a patient-initiated signal; and providing a second, reduced therapeutic electrical signal to said cranial nerve of the patient if said at least one limit is exceeded by said step of receiving a patient-initiated signal.

In one aspect, the present invention provides an implantable medical device (IMD) for providing a therapeutic electrical signal to a cranial nerve of a patient's body, including a sensor to detect a patient-initiated signal to initiate an electrical signal therapy; and a controller operatively coupled to said sensor, said controller to determine if said patient-initiated signal to initiate an electrical signal therapy exceeds a predetermined limit on providing a therapeutic electrical signal to a cranial nerve of a patient, provide a therapeutic electrical signal to said cranial nerve if said patient-initiated signal does not exceed said predetermined limit, and not provide a therapeutic electrical signal to said cranial nerve if said patient-initiated signal does exceed said predetermined limit.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention may be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals identify like elements, and in which:

FIGS. 1A-1C provide stylized diagrams of an implantable medical device implanted into a patient's body for providing an electrical signal to a portion of the patient's body, in accordance with one illustrative embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2A illustrates a block diagram depiction of the implantable medical device of FIG. 1, in accordance with one illustrative embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2B illustrates a block diagram depiction of the patient-initiated electrical signal controller shown in FIG. 2A; and

FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart depiction of a method for performing limited patient-initiated electrical signal therapy, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described herein. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. In the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the design-specific goals, which will vary from one implementation to another. It will be appreciated that such a development effort, while possibly complex and time-consuming, would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for persons of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.

Embodiments of the present invention provide for an input to the IMD that would prompt the IMD to operate in an alternative mode for a predetermined time period, or until another triggering input is received. The alternative mode may provide for prompting an alternative operation of the IMD, by which is meant a mode other than a primary mode. A primary mode is a preprogrammed mode in which the IMD operates for a majority of the time and in which the IMD delivers a majority of its electrical signal therapy, as represented as the sum of the delivered doses, to the patient. The alternative mode differs from the primary mode in at least one neurostimulation parameter. Neurostimulation parameters in which the alternative mode can differ from the primary mode will be discussed in more detail below. In one embodiment, the alternative mode is a patient-initiated mode of operation. The alternative mode(s) may provide flexibility in controlling the operation of the IMD.

Although not so limited, a system capable of implementing embodiments of the present invention is described below. FIGS. 1A-1C depict a stylized implantable medical system 100 for implementing one or more embodiments of the present invention. FIGS. 1A-1C illustrate an electrical signal generator 110 having main body 112 comprising a case or shell 121 (FIG. 1B) with a header 116 (FIG. 1A) for connecting to leads 122. The generator 110 is implanted in the patient's chest in a pocket or cavity formed by the implanting surgeon just below the skin (indicated by a line 145, FIG. 1A), similar to the implantation procedure for a pacemaker pulse generator.

A stimulating nerve electrode assembly 125, preferably comprising an electrode pair, is conductively connected to the distal end of an insulated, electrically conductive lead assembly 122, which preferably comprises a pair of lead wires (one wire for each electrode of an electrode pair). Lead assembly 122 is attached at its proximal end to connectors on the header 116 (FIG. 1B) on case 121. The electrode assembly 125 may be surgically coupled to a cranial nerve 127 in the patient's neck or at another location, e.g., near the patient's diaphragm. Other cranial nerves may also be used to deliver the therapeutic electrical signal. The electrode assembly 125 preferably comprises a bipolar stimulating electrode pair 125-1, 125-2 (FIG. 1C), such as the electrode pair described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,573,481 issued Mar. 4, 1986 to Bullara. Suitable electrode assemblies are available from Cyberonics, Inc., Houston, Tex., USA as the Model 302 electrode assembly. However, persons of skill in the art will appreciate that many electrode designs could be used in the present invention, including unipolar electrodes. Returning to FIGS. 1A and 1C, the two electrodes are preferably wrapped about the cranial nerve 127, and the electrode assembly 125 may be secured to the nerve by a spiral anchoring tether 128 (FIG. 1C) such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,511 issued Dec. 25, 1990 to Reese S. Terry, Jr. and assigned to the same assignee as the instant application. Lead assembly 122 is secured, while retaining the ability to flex with movement of the chest and neck, by a suture connection 130 to nearby tissue (FIG. 1C).

In one embodiment, the open helical design of the electrode assembly 125 (described in detail in the above-cited Bullara patent), which is self-sizing and flexible, minimizes mechanical trauma to the nerve and allows body fluid interchange with the nerve. The electrode assembly 125 preferably conforms to the shape of the nerve, providing a low stimulation threshold by allowing a large stimulation contact area with the nerve. Structurally, the electrode assembly 125 comprises two electrode ribbons (not shown), of a conductive material such as platinum, iridium, platinum-iridium alloys, and/or oxides of the foregoing. The electrode ribbons are individually bonded to an inside surface of an elastomeric body portion of the two spiral electrodes 125-1 and 125-2 (FIG. 1C), which may comprise two spiral loops of a three-loop helical assembly. The lead assembly 122 may comprise two distinct lead wires or a coaxial cable whose two conductive elements are respectively coupled to one of the conductive electrode ribbons. One suitable method of coupling the lead wires or cable to the electrodes 125-1, 125-2 comprises a spacer assembly such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,531,778, although other known coupling techniques may be used.

The elastomeric body portion of each loop is preferably composed of silicone rubber, and the third loop 128 (which typically has no electrode) acts as the anchoring tether for the electrode assembly 125.

The electrical pulse generator 110 may be programmed with an external computer 150 using programming software of the type copyrighted by the assignee of the instant application with the Register of Copyrights, Library of Congress, or other suitable software based on the description herein, and a programming wand 155 to facilitate radio frequency (RF) communication between the computer 150 (FIG. 1A) and the pulse generator 110. The wand 155 and software permit non-invasive communication with the generator 110 after the latter is implanted. The wand 155 is preferably powered by internal batteries, and provided with a “power on” light to indicate sufficient power for communication. Another indicator light may be provided to show that data transmission is occurring between the wand and the generator.

A variety of stimulation therapies may be provided in implantable medical systems 100 of the present invention. Different types of nerve fibers (e.g., A, B, and C fibers being different fibers targeted for stimulation) respond differently to stimulation from electrical signals. More specifically, the different types of nerve fibers have different conduction velocities and stimulation thresholds and, therefore, differ in their responsiveness to stimulation. Certain pulses of an electrical stimulation signal, for example, may be below the stimulation threshold for a particular fiber and, therefore, may generate no action potential in the fiber. Thus, smaller or narrower pulses may be used to avoid stimulation of certain nerve fibers (such as C fibers) and target other nerve fibers (such as A and/or B fibers, which generally have lower stimulation thresholds and higher conduction velocities than C fibers). Additionally, techniques such as pre-polarization may be employed wherein particular nerve regions may be polarized before a more robust stimulation is delivered, which may better accommodate particular electrode materials. Furthermore, opposing polarity phases separated by a zero current phase may be used to excite particular axons or postpone nerve fatigue during long term stimulation.

As used herein, the terms “stimulating” and “stimulator” may generally refer to delivery of a signal, stimulus, or impulse to neural tissue for affecting neuronal activity of a neural tissue (e.g., a volume of neural tissue in the brain or a nerve). The effect of such stimulation on neuronal activity is termed “modulation”; however, for simplicity, the terms “stimulating” and “modulating”, and variants thereof, are sometimes used interchangeably herein. The effect of delivery of the stimulation signal to the neural tissue may be excitatory or inhibitory and may potentiate acute and/or long-term changes in neuronal activity. For example, the effect of “stimulating” or “modulating” a neural tissue may comprise on one more of the following effects: (a) changes in neural tissue to initiate an action potential (bi-directional or uni-directional); (b) inhibition of conduction of action potentials (endogenous or externally stimulated) or blocking the conduction of action potentials (hyperpolarizing or collision blocking), (c) affecting changes in neurotransmitter/neuromodulator release or uptake, and (d) changes in neuro-plasticity or neurogenesis of brain tissue. Applying an electrical signal to an autonomic nerve may comprise generating a response that includes an afferent action potential, an efferent action potential, an afferent hyperpolarization, an efferent hyperpolarization, an afferent sub-threshold depolarization, and/or an efferent sub-threshold depolarization.

In some embodiments, the IMD 200 may perform “background” stimulation according to a preprogrammed normal operation mode. The background stimulation may refer to a second electrical signal that is delivered during a second time period, wherein a normal stimulation mode is implemented in a first time period. Embodiments of the present invention may be employed to provide a second electrical signal at a relatively low level, e.g., at a level that is substantially imperceptible to a patient, during a secondary period that may include a portion of the off-time of the first signal. A second electrical signal provided during an off-time of the first signal may be referred to hereinafter as “background” stimulation or modulation. For example, an IMD 200 may apply a second electrical signal having a reduced frequency, current, or pulse width relative to the first electrical signal during off-time of the first period, in addition to the first electrical signal applied during a primary period. Also, an IMD 200 may apply a third electrical signal having an increased frequency, current, or pulse width relative to the first electrical signal during off-time of the first period. Without being bound by theory, applying a background electrical signal may allow the first electrical signal to be reduced to a level sufficient to reduce one or more side effects without reducing therapeutic efficacy.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the first and second time periods at least partially overlap, and a second electrical stimulation signal may be applied during at least a portion of the first time period. In a more particular embodiment, the second time period only partially overlaps the first, and the second electrical stimulation signal is applied during a portion of the first time period and continues during a period in which the first signal is not applied. This type of stimulation is referred to hereinafter as “overlaid” stimulation or modulation. Overlaid and/or background stimulation embodiments of the invention may increase efficacy of a stimulation therapy, reduce side effects, and/or increase tolerability of the first signal to higher levels of stimulation.

Embodiments of the present invention provide for patient-initiated electrical signal therapy based upon one or more external inputs received by the IMD 200. For example, the IMD 200 may receive various inputs that could prompt a temporary interruption or deviation from normal stimulation operation. For example, a magnet may be placed proximate to the IMD 200, which may be an indication that the patient or a physician desires to alter the normal operation of the IMD 200. The amount of time that the magnet is detected may determine the type of deviation from the normal operation that will occur. Various devices, e.g., a Reed Switch, a Hall Effect sensor, etc., may be employed to detect a magnetic field in order to react to a magnet being placed proximate to the IMD 200. As another example, a tap sensor may be employed to detect a tap applied to the skin over the IMD 200. As a third example, an RF sensor may be employed to detect a radio frequency signal generated proximate to the IMD 200.

Further, an external input received by the IMD 200 may be used to temporarily alter the normal operation of the IMD 200. For example, the patient may desire to temporarily stop any stimulation activity. An input from the patient (e.g., a magnetic input) may be used to suspend stimulation activity. In one embodiment, an input from the patient may prompt the IMD 200 to enter into reduced stimulation mode, wherein a background signal that does not cause certain stimulation side-effects, may be implemented. The amount of time to employ the alternative stimulation mode, as well as the type of alternative stimulation mode, may be pre-programmed into the IMD 200, and may be selected from a plurality of pre-programmed alternative stimulation modes.

Alternatively or in addition, an input from the patient may prompt the IMD 200 to perform a patient-initiated electrical signal therapy regardless of whether such therapy is indicated by normal operation of the IMD 200. However, depending on the patient, his medical condition, and other considerations, it may be desirable that patient-initiated electrical signal therapy be limited in one or more aspects, as will be discussed in more detail below. For example, for some patients, there may be a limitation as to the number of patient-initiated electrical signal therapy operations that may be provided during the alternative stimulation mode.

Turning now to FIG. 2A, a block diagram depiction of an implantable medical device, in accordance with one illustrative embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. The IMD 200 may be used for stimulation to treat various disorders, including without limitation epilepsy, neuropsychiatric disorders (including but not limited to depression), eating disorders/obesity, traumatic brain injury/coma, addiction disorders, dementia, sleep disorders, pain, migraine, endocrine/pancreatic disorders (including but not limited to diabetes), motility disorders, hypertension, congestive heart failure/cardiac capillary growth, hearing disorders, angina, syncope, vocal cord disorders, thyroid disorders, pulmonary disorders, and reproductive endocrine disorders (including fertility). The IMD 200 may be coupled to various leads, e.g., 122 (FIGS. 1A, 1C). Stimulation signals used for therapy may be transmitted from the IMD 200 to target areas of the patient's body, specifically to various electrodes associated with the leads 122. Stimulation signals from the IMD 200 may be transmitted via the leads 122 to stimulation electrodes (electrodes that apply the therapeutic electrical signal to the target tissue) associated with the electrode assembly 125 (FIG. 1A). Further, signals from sensor electrodes (electrodes that are used to sense one or more body parameters such as temperature, heart rate, brain activity, etc.) may also traverse the leads back to the IMD 200.

The IMD 200 may comprise a controller 210 capable of controlling various aspects of the operation of the IMD 200. The controller 210 is capable of receiving internal data and/or external data and generating and delivering a stimulation signal to target tissues of the patient's body. For example, the controller 210 may receive manual instructions from an operator externally, or may perform stimulation based on internal calculations and programming. The controller 210 is capable of affecting substantially all functions of the IMD 200.

The controller 210 may comprise various components, such as a processor 215, a memory 217, etc. The processor 215 may comprise one or more micro controllers, micro processors, etc., that are capable of executing a variety of software components. The memory 217 may comprise various memory portions, where a number of types of data (e.g., internal data, external data instructions, software codes, status data, diagnostic data, etc.) may be stored. The memory 217 may store various tables or other database content that could be used by the IMD 200 to implement the override of normal operations. The memory 217 may comprise random access memory (RAM) dynamic random access memory (DRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, etc.

The IMD 200 may also comprise a stimulation unit 220. The stimulation unit 220 is capable of generating and delivering a variety of electrical signal therapy signals to one or more electrodes via leads. The stimulation unit 220 is capable of delivering either a programmed, primary mode electrical signal or a secondary mode, patient-initiated electrical signal to the leads 122 coupled to the IMD 200. The secondary mode, patient initiated signal may be programmed or may determined according to an algorithm in response to a determination of whether a threshold or limit for the electrical signal is exceeded or not exceeded. The electrical signal may be delivered to the leads 122 by the stimulation unit 220 based upon instructions from the controller 210. The stimulation unit 220 may comprise various types of circuitry, such as stimulation signal generators, impedance control circuitry to control the impedance “seen” by the leads, and other circuitry that receives instructions relating to the type of stimulation to be performed. The patient-initiated electrical signal therapy can be limited as will be described below.

The IMD 200 may also comprise a patient-initiated stimulation controller 280. The patient-initiated stimulation controller 280 is capable of implementing alternative stimulation modes, such as a patient-initiated electrical signal mode, in response to patient input. The patient-initiated stimulation controller 280 is shown in more detail in FIG. 2B. A patient input interface 282 detects input from the patient, such as that received from the magnetic field detection unit 290 (FIG. 2A), and communicates the detected input to an alternative stimulation mode controller 284. The alternative stimulation mode controller 284 controls alternative stimulation, such as a patient-initiated electrical signal alone or in combination with background stimulation, by taking the input from the patient input interface 282 and communicating with an alternative stimulation selection module 286. The alternative stimulation selection module 286 selects which (if multiple) preprogrammed alternative stimulation modes is to be implemented. The preprogrammed modes may be stored within and retrieved from the memory 217. Once an alternative stimulation mode is selected by the alternative stimulation selection module 286, it communicates with alternative stimulation mode controller 284, which then implements the alternative stimulation mode. The patient-initiated stimulation controller 280 can communicate with the stimulation unit 220 (FIG. 2A) to authorize delivery of a patient-initiated electrical signal via the leads 122 to the electrodes 125 and thence to the cranial nerve 127.

In limiting patient-initiated electrical signal therapy provided by the IMD 200, at least one electrical signal therapy limit is specified. The at least one limit may be selected from the group consisting of a maximum number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum dose of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum duration of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum rate of change of the number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum rate of change of the dose of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, and a maximum rate of change of the duration of the electrical signal therapy per a time period. In some embodiments, multiple electrical signal therapy limits may be provided, for example a first limit may comprise 5 patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal in 24 hours, and a second limit may comprise 8 patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal in 48 hours. The at least one electrical signal therapy limit can be stored in memory 217.

Specification of the at least one electrical signal therapy limit can be performed prior to implantation of the IMD 200, such as during the manufacturing process or by the implanting physician, either to the physician's default signal therapy limit or to a limit set after consideration of the patient's particular medical condition, among other possible considerations. Alternatively or in addition, specification of the at least one electrical signal therapy limit can be performed after implantation, either to the physician's default limit or to a limit set after consideration of the patient's particular medical condition, his tolerance of the IMD 200, and the efficacy of the IMD 200, among other possible considerations.

Each of the electrical signal therapy limits listed above can be considered over a time period. Any time period can be considered and defined programmably. In one embodiment, at least one said time period begins at implantation of the device. This time period can continue indefinitely, i.e., the time period may comprise the entire operational life of the unit.

In another embodiment, the time period has a duration of from about 10 sec to about 720 hr, such as from about 1 min to about 24 hr, more particularly from about 30 min to about 6 hr. The time period can be continuous, that is, comprising a moving time period representing a length of time ending at the present moment and beginning at a timepoint equal to the defined time period duration before the present moment. For example, an electrical signal limit may comprise a number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal in the previous 24 hours from the present moment. In such embodiments, the system may also define a sampling interval, i.e., may recalculate the moving time period at intervals of from 1 second to one hour, or other time periods such as every 3 hours, every day, or even longer. Different sampling intervals may be used depending upon the time period duration, for example a moving time period of 24 hours need not be updated more frequently than once per hour, as more frequent updating may impose a calculational burden on the IMD that far exceeds any therapeutic benefit. Alternatively, the time period can be externally synchronized, that is, representing a length of time beginning at a particular point in time (such as a particular time of the clock or a particular time after implantation of the IMD 200) and ending at a point in time equal to the time period duration after the beginning of the time period.

The time period can occur once, such as if the time period is the entire operational life of the unit, or it can be repeated on a regular or irregular schedule. For example, the time period can be scheduled to repeat at particular hours of the day. In another embodiment, the time period can be scheduled to commence no earlier than a specified length of time after an immediately prior time period ended.

Multiple time periods, such as two or more time periods, can be considered, wherein the multiple time periods may be consecutive or partially or wholly overlapping. Reference herein to such embodiments may use the terms “first time period,” “second time period,” etc.

In one embodiment, the electrical signal therapy limit is a maximum number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period. The number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal can be calculated by incrementing a counter on each patient-initiated signal (magnet swipe, tap, RF communication, or the like) during the time period.

In one embodiment, the electrical signal therapy limit is a maximum dose of neurostimulation charge per a time period. The dose can be calculated by summing the products of the amplitudes and pulse widths of each current pulse during the time period. The maximum dose can be considered for patient-initiated electrical signal therapy only or for both patient-initiated and preprogrammed electrical signal therapy.

In one embodiment, the electrical signal therapy limit is a maximum duration of neurostimulation per a time period. The duration can be calculated by summing the durations of each current pulse during the time period. The maximum duration can be considered for patient-initiated electrical signal therapy only or for both patient-initiated and preprogrammed electrical signal therapy.

In one embodiment, the electrical signal therapy limit is a maximum rate of change of the number of neurostimulation bursts per a time period. The rate of change is defined as the absolute magnitude of the number of bursts in a first subperiod minus the number of bursts in a second subperiod.

In one embodiment, the electrical signal therapy limit is a maximum rate of change of the dose of neurostimulation charge per a time period. The rate of change is defined as the absolute magnitude of the charge dose in a first subperiod minus the charge dose in a second subperiod. The maximum rate of change can be considered for patient-initiated electrical signal therapy only or for both patient-initiated and preprogrammed electrical signal therapy.

In one embodiment, the electrical signal therapy limit is a maximum rate of change of the duration of neurostimulation per a time period. The rate of change is defined as the absolute magnitude of the summed durations of current pulses in a first subperiod minus the summed durations of current pulses in a second subperiod. The maximum rate of change can be considered for patient-initiated electrical signal therapy only or for both patient-initiated and preprogrammed electrical signal therapy.

In one embodiment, a first time period has a duration of about 2 hr and a second time period has a duration of about 4 hr or about 6 hr, wherein the maximum number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal during the second time period is zero.

In one embodiment, a first time period has a duration of about 2 hr and a second time period has a duration of at least about 4 hr or about 6 hr, wherein a first time period begins at the first patient initiation of neurostimulation after the minimum duration of the second time period has occurred and wherein the maximum number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal during the second time period is zero.

Returning to FIG. 2A, at least one of a presence of a magnetic field, a tap input, or a radio frequency (RF) input can be detected by apparatus known in the art, such as those discussed above. The apparatus, for example the magnetic field detection unit 290, or the IMD controller 215 may determine a characteristic of said magnetic field, tap input, or RF input, such as determining at least one of a duration of said magnetic field, a magnitude of said magnetic field, or a number of tap inputs received, among other characteristics.

Based on the at least one electrical signal therapy limit specified above and stored in memory 217, and the receipt of said at least one of said presence of said magnetic field, said tap input, or said RF input, such as a magnetic field detected by magnetic field detection unit 290, whether or not said electrical signal therapy limit is exceeded by said step of detecting a patient-initiated signal is determined. The determination can involve a comparison of the calculated number of patient-initiated signals, the total dose, the total duration, or the rate of change of any of the foregoing with the electrical signal therapy limit in view of the patient-initiated signal, characteristics of the received input, and the various modes of electrical signal therapy with which the unit may be preprogrammed.

In response to said step of determining whether or not said limit is exceeded, an action is performed selected from the group consisting of providing a first electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a second, reduced electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a third, enhanced electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, inhibiting an electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a background electrical signal to said cranial nerve, and inhibiting a background electrical signal to said cranial nerve.

In one embodiment, if patient-initiated electrical signal is not permitted (e.g., the maximum number of patient-initiated signals, the total dose, the total duration during the currently elapsing time period is zero, or such limit is greater than zero but has already been reached during the currently elapsing time period), then no electrical signal therapy is performed in response to the received input. In another embodiment, if patient-initiated electrical signal is permitted during the currently elapsing time period, then the electrical signal therapy may follow the first mode of electrical signal therapy, a second mode electrical signal therapy reduced in one or more electrical signal stimulation parameters relative to the first mode (e.g., a mode having a lower pulse amplitude, pulse frequency, burst duration, interburst interval, or two or more thereof, among other electrical signal characteristics) may be applied to the cranial nerve 127, or a third mode electrical signal therapy may be applied that is increased in one or more electrical signal stimulation parameters relative to the first mode (e.g., a mode having a greater pulse amplitude, pulse frequency, burst duration, interburst interval, or two or more thereof, among other electrical signal characteristics). The mode of electrical stimulation can be chosen or modified by the processor 215 and communicated to the stimulation unit 220.

In one embodiment, at least one neurostimulation parameter can be determined by the controller 215 based upon whether or not the electrical signal therapy limit is exceeded or is not exceeded. If the limit is not exceeded, a first electrical signal therapy may be provided to the patient. Providing the first electrical signal therapy may comprise providing a pulsed electrical signal defined by at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of a first current amplitude, a first pulse width, a first frequency, a first on-time, a first off-time, a first number of pulses per burst, a first interburst period, and a first interpulse interval;

If the electrical signal therapy is exceeded, in one embodiment, electrical signal therapy may be inhibited. This may involve completely inhibiting patient-initiated therapy for a predetermined time period, or until it is subsequently determined that the limit is no longer exceeded. In another embodiment, inhibiting the electrical signal therapy may comprise providing a second, reduced electrical signal therapy to the patient, with the reduced electrical signal therapy comprising providing a pulsed electrical signal defined by at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of a second current amplitude less than said first current amplitude, a second pulse width less than said first pulse width, a second frequency less than said first frequency, a second on-time less than said first on-time, a second off-time greater than said first off-time, a second number of pulses per burst less than said first number of pulses per burst, a second interburst period greater than said first interburst period, and a second interpulse interval greater than said first interpulse interval.

In yet an another embodiment, the action in response to the step of determining whether or not the electrical signal therapy limit is exceeded may comprise providing a third, enhanced electrical signal therapy that, in turn, comprises a pulsed electrical signal defined by at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of a third current amplitude greater than said first current amplitude, a third pulse width greater than said first pulse width, a third frequency greater than said first frequency, a third on-time greater than said first on-time, a third off-time less than said first off-time, a third number of pulses per burst greater than said first number of pulses per burst, a third interburst period less than said first interburst period, and a third interpulse interval less than said first interpulse interval.

Algorithms for determining the at least one neurostimulation parameter discussed above can be stored in memory 217 as a function of the at least one electrical signal therapy limit, the magnitude by which the limit is (or is not) exceeded, or other properties.

The IMD 200 may also comprise a power supply 230. The power supply 230 may comprise a battery, voltage regulators, capacitors, etc., to provide power for the operation of the IMD 200, including delivering the stimulation signal. The power supply 230 comprises a power-source battery that in some embodiments may be rechargeable. In other embodiments, a non-rechargeable battery may be used. The power supply 230 provides power for the operation of the IMD 200, including electronic operations and the stimulation function. The power supply 230, may comprise a lithium/thionyl chloride cell or a lithium/carbon monofluoride cell. Other battery types known in the art of implantable medical devices may also be used.

The IMD 200 also comprises a communication unit 260 capable of facilitating communications between the IMD 200 and various devices. In particular, the communication unit 260 is capable of providing transmission and reception of electronic signals to and from an external unit 270. The external unit 270 may be a device that is capable of programming various modules and stimulation parameters of the IMD 200. In one embodiment, the external unit 270 comprises a computer system that is capable of executing a data-acquisition program. The external unit 270 may be controlled by a healthcare provider, such as a physician, at a base station in, for example, a doctor's office. The external unit 270 may be a computer, preferably a handheld computer or PDA, but may alternatively comprise any other device that is capable of electronic communications and programming. The external unit 270 may download various parameters and program software into the IMD 200 for programming the operation of the implantable device. The external unit 270 may also receive and upload various status conditions and other data from the IMD 200. The communication unit 260 may be hardware, software, firmware, and/or any combination thereof. Communications between the external unit 270 and the communication unit 260 may occur via a wireless or other type of communication, illustrated generally by line 275 in FIG. 2A.

In one embodiment, the communication unit 260 can transmit a log of stimulation data to the patient, a physician, or another party.

The IMD 200 is capable of delivering stimulation that can be intermittent, periodic, random, sequential, coded, and/or patterned. The stimulation signals may comprise an electrical stimulation frequency of approximately 0.1 to 2500 Hz. The stimulation signals may comprise a pulse width of in the range of approximately 1-2000 micro-seconds. The stimulation signals may comprise current amplitude in the range of approximately 0.1 mA to 10 mA. Stimulation may be delivered through either the cathode (−) electrode or anode (+) electrode. In one embodiment, the various blocks illustrated in FIG. 2A may comprise software unit, a firmware unit, a hardware unit, and/or any combination thereof. The stimulation delivered by the IMD 200 in the absence of patient-initiated electrical signal may be referred to herein as “normal operations” or “normal operating mode.”

The IMD 200 may also comprise a magnetic field detection unit 290. The magnetic field detection unit 290 is capable of detecting magnetic and/or electromagnetic fields of a predetermined magnitude. Whether the magnetic field results from a magnet placed proximate to the IMD 200, or whether it results from a substantial magnetic field encompassing an area, the magnetic field detection unit 290 is capable of informing the IMD of the existence of a magnetic field.

The magnetic field detection unit 270 may comprise various sensors, such as a Reed Switch circuitry, a Hall Effect sensor circuitry, and/or the like. The magnetic field detection unit 270 may also comprise various registers and/or data transceiver circuits that are capable of sending signals that are indicative of various magnetic fields, the time period of such fields, etc. In this manner, the magnetic field detection unit 270 is capable of detecting whether the detected magnetic field relates to an inhibitory input or an excitory input from an external source. The inhibitory input may refer to an inhibition of, or a deviation from, normal stimulation operation. The excitory input may refer to additional stimulation or deviation from normal stimulation.

One or more of the blocks illustrated in the block diagram of the IMD 200 in FIG. 2A, may comprise hardware units, software units, firmware units, or any combination thereof. Additionally, one or more blocks illustrated in FIG. 2A may be combined with other blocks, which may represent circuit hardware units, software algorithms, etc. Additionally, one or more of the circuitry and/or software units associated with the various blocks illustrated in FIG. 2A may be combined into a programmable device, such as a field programmable gate array, an ASIC device, etc.

Methods of applying alternative stimulation may include applying a patient-initiated electrical signal mode alone or in combination with background stimulation. Turning now to FIG. 3, a flowchart depiction of a method for limiting patient-initiated electrical signal therapy in accordance with one illustrative embodiment of the present invention is provided. At least one electrical signal therapy limit is specified (block 410) prior to normal operation, such as primary mode operation, of the IMD 200 (block 420). The normal operation mode calls for predetermined delivery of stimulation signals. The IMD 200 may then check to determine whether a patient-initiated signal to administer patient-initiated electrical signal therapy has been received (block 430). If an input to administer patient-initiated electrical signal therapy has not been received, normal operation of the IMD and delivery of stimulation signal is resumed, as indicated in FIG. 3.

However, if it is determined that an input signal prompting administration of patient-initiated electrical signal therapy has been detected, the IMD 200 may determine whether the at least one electrical signal therapy limit has been exceeded (block 440).

Depending on whether the at least one electrical signal therapy limit was or was not exceeded, the IMD 200 may perform patient-initiated electrical signal therapy. Performing may involve one or more of the following:

provide a first electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve; or,

provide a second, reduced electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve; or,

provide a third, enhanced electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve; or,

inhibit an electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve; or, provide a background electrical signal to said cranial nerve; or,

inhibit a background electrical signal to said cranial nerve.

The word “or” is used in the inclusive sense.

After performing patient-initiated electrical signal therapy as described above, the IMD 200 returns to normal operation mode (block 420).

The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown other than as described in the claims below. It is, therefore, evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below. 

1. A method for providing an alternative mode of electrical signal therapy provided by an implantable medical device (IMD) to a cranial nerve of a patient, comprising: specifying a threshold of an electrical signal parameter; receiving an input from a patient; determining whether to implement the alternative mode based on said input and said threshold, said alternative mode differing in at least one neurostimulation parameter from a normal stimulation mode; and performing the alternative mode of electrical signal therapy, in view of the result of the determining step, or not performing the alternative mode of electrical signal therapy, in view of the result of the determining step.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said threshold is selected from the group consisting of a maximum number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum dose of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum duration of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum rate of change of the number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum rate of change of the dose of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, and a maximum rate of change of the duration of the electrical signal therapy per a time period.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said performing the alternative mode of electrical signal therapy is selected from the group consisting of providing a first electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a second, reduced electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a third, enhanced electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, and providing a background electrical signal to said cranial nerve.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein not performing said alternative mode comprises an action selected from the group consisting of inhibiting an electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve and inhibiting a background electrical signal to said cranial nerve.
 5. A method for limiting patient-initiated electrical signal therapy provided by an implantable medical device (IMD) to a cranial nerve of a patient, comprising: specifying at least one electrical signal therapy limit selected from the group consisting of a maximum number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum dose of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum duration of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum rate of change of the number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum rate of change of the dose of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, and a maximum rate of change of the duration of the electrical signal therapy per a time period; receiving a patient-initiated signal to begin a therapeutic electrical signal; determining whether or not said electrical signal therapy limit is exceeded by said step of detecting a patient-initiated signal; and performing an action in response to said step of determining whether or not said limit is exceeded, said action selected from the group consisting of providing a first electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a second, reduced electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a third, enhanced electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, inhibiting an electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve, providing a background electrical signal to said cranial nerve, and inhibiting a background electrical signal to said cranial nerve.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising determining a characteristic of said patient-initiated signal, wherein the patient-initiated signal is a magnetic field, comprising determining at least one of a duration of said magnetic field and a magnitude of said magnetic field, and wherein said characteristic is used in determining whether or not said electrical signal therapy limit is exceeded.
 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising determining a characteristic of said patient-initiated signal, wherein the patient-initiated signal is a tap input, comprising determining a number of tap inputs received, and wherein said characteristic is used in determining whether or not said electrical signal therapy limit is exceeded.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one electrical signal therapy limit is specified for at least one time period.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said at least one time period has a duration from about 10 sec to about 720 hr.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one electrical signal therapy limit is specified for a plurality of time periods.
 11. The method of claim 5, wherein providing a first electrical signal therapy comprises providing a pulsed electrical signal defined by at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of a first current amplitude, a first pulse width, a first frequency, a first on-time, a first off-time, a first number of pulses per burst, a first interburst period, and a first interpulse interval; wherein providing a second, reduced electrical signal therapy comprises providing a pulsed electrical signal defined by at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of a second current amplitude less than said first current amplitude, a second pulse width less than said first pulse width, a second frequency less than said first frequency, a second on-time less than said first on-time, a second off-time greater than said first off-time, a second number of pulses per burst less than said first number of pulses per burst, a second interburst period greater than said first interburst period, and a second interpulse interval greater than said first interpulse interval; and wherein providing a third, enhanced electrical signal therapy comprises providing a pulsed electrical signal defined by at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of a third current amplitude greater than said first current amplitude, a third pulse width greater than said first pulse width, a third frequency greater than said first frequency, a third on-time greater than said first on-time, a third off-time less than said first off-time, a third number of pulses per burst greater than said first number of pulses per burst, a third interburst period less than said first interburst period, and a third interpulse interval less than said first interpulse interval.
 12. A method for limiting patient-initiated electrical signal therapy provided by an implantable medical device (IMD) to a cranial nerve of a patient, comprising: specifying at least one limit on patient-initiated electrical signal therapy to a cranial nerve of a patient; receiving a patient-initiated signal to provide an electrical signal therapy to a cranial nerve; determining whether or not said at least one limit on patient-initiated therapy is exceeded by said step of receiving a patient-initiated signal; providing an electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve of the patient if said at least one limit is not exceeded by said step of receiving a patient-initiated signal; and not providing an electrical signal therapy to said cranial nerve of the patient if said at least one limit is exceeded by said step of receiving a patient-initiated signal.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein receiving said patient-initiated signal comprises receiving at least one of a tap input or a magnetic input.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one electrical signal therapy limit is specified for at least one time period.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein said step of providing an electrical signal therapy if said at least one limit is not exceeded comprises providing a pulsed electrical signal defined by at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of a current amplitude, a pulse width, a frequency, an on-time, an off-time, a number of pulses per burst, an interburst period, and an interpulse interval.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein said time period has a duration from about 10 sec to about 720 hr.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one limit is selected from the group consisting of a maximum number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum dose of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum duration of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum rate of change of the number of patient-initiated signals to provide a therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, a maximum rate of change of the dose of the therapeutic electrical signal per a time period, and a maximum rate of change of the duration of the electrical signal therapy per a time period.
 18. A method for limiting patient-initiated electrical signal therapy provided by an implantable medical device (IMD) to a cranial nerve of a patient, comprising: specifying at least one limit on patient-initiated electrical signal therapy to a cranial nerve of a patient; receiving a patient-initiated signal to provide an electrical signal therapy to a cranial nerve; determining whether or not said at least one limit on patient-initiated therapy is exceeded by said step of receiving a patient-initiated signal; providing a first therapeutic electrical signal to said cranial nerve of the patient if said at least one limit is not exceeded by said step of receiving a patient-initiated signal; and providing a second, reduced therapeutic electrical signal to said cranial nerve of the patient if said at least one limit is exceeded by said step of receiving a patient-initiated signal.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said step of providing a first electrical signal therapy if said at least one limit is not exceeded comprises providing a pulsed electrical signal defined by at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of a first current amplitude, a first pulse width, a first frequency, a first on-time, a first off-time, a first number of pulses per burst, a first interburst period, and a first interpulse interval; and wherein said step of providing a second, reduced electrical signal therapy if said at least one limit is exceeded comprises providing a pulsed electrical signal defined by at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of a second current amplitude less than said first current amplitude, a second pulse width less than said first pulse width, a second frequency less than said first frequency, and second on-time less than said first on-time, a second off-time greater than said first off-time, a second number of pulses per burst less than said first number of pulses per burst, a second interburst period greater than said first interburst period, and a second interpulse interval greater than said first interpulse interval.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein receiving said patient-initiated signal comprises receiving at least one of a tap input or a magnetic input. 